درس لغة انجليزيه

Nouns and Pronoun
شواذ العدد للأسماء والضمائر
العدد مهم بصفة خاصة مع الفعل المضارع البسيط
1- The number of the noun or pronoun is particularly important in the agreement between the subject and the verb in present simple verbs because you have to add "s" to the verb with singulars:
لأنه إذا كان الفاعل مفرد فسيأخذ S مع الفعل
2- Irregular plural forms: شواذ الجمع
Child Children
Foot Feet
Goose Geese
Louse Lice
Man Men
Mouse Mice
Ox Oxen
Tooth Teeth
Woman Women
A. Singular Subjects
ما يحسب علي أنه فاعل مفرد
1. The following are considered singular: الضمائر التالية
Everyone Someone Anyone No one Each
Everybody Somebody Anybody Nobody Either
Everything Something Anything Nothing Neither
e.g.: everyone is invited to the party.
2.
Each + noun and noun verb إذا بدأ الكلام بهذه الكلمات

Every Singular
e.g.:
Each Student and teacher is required to sign here.

Every
2. Expressions or words that separate the subject and the verb (with the exception of “and”) do not change the number of the subject.
التعبيرات التي تفصل الفاعل عن الفعل لا تحتسب علي أنها إضافية أى أن لن يحتسب الفاعل علي أنه جمع.
e.g.:
The girl
[or any singular subject] As well as in addition to along with together with
Her mother Is coming
To our
house
وهذا فيما عدا كلمة and
Ex:
The girl and her mother are coming to our house.
4 one كلمة
e.g: One of my best friends is leaving today.
5. Infinitives and gerunds as subject are considered singular.
صيغة + TO
و
V+ing

e.g.: Reading is important
B. Plural Subjects
ما يحتسب علي أنه جمع
- هذه الكلمات
1. Subjects joined by "and" or both ….and:
e.g.:
Both the girl and her mother are coming to our house.
2. Several, many, both, few are always plural:
e.g.:
1. Several are leaving now / or/ several people are leaving now.
2. Both are coming.
3. Some nouns are always plural though they might seem to refer to singular nouns:
أسماء بعض الملابس e.g.:
1. Trousers, pants, shoes, jeans, sunglasses, or glasses.
2. Scissors, pliers, tweezers, pincers.
3. Riches, thanks.
ومع ذلك بإضافة a word of, a pair of سوف تعتبر مفردة.
e.g.:
My shoes are clean.
But
This pair of shoes needs to be cleaned.
e.g.:
His thanks were very nice.
But
A word of thanks is always nice.
C. Singular or Plural
ما يعتبر أحياناً جمع وأحياناً مفرد.
Some words can be considered either singular or plural.
1. With the following expressions, you decide the number of the subject according to the noun closer to the verb:
Neither ………… nor
Either ………….. or
Not only ……….. but also
e.g.:
Neither Naglaa nor friends are coming.
But
Neither our friends nor Naglaa is coming.
2- هذه الكلمات إذا أضيفت لمفرد تكون مفردة وإذا أضيفت لجمع تكون جمع.
e.g.:
All
Singular if followed by singular and plural if followed by plural.
Some
Any
Majority
Half
e.g.:
All of the Library Has been burnt
Singular
So, singular verb

All of the Students have come to greet him
Plural so plural verb

All people are like that

Plural and plural verb.
3- تعبيرات تحتسب جمع مع أنها تبدو مفردة
1. Expressions of one amount of time, money, volume, weight if used collectively to mean one thing.
e.g.:
Two hundred pounds is a lot for a person like him.
Three years away from home has caused many problems.
Two kilos of food was not enough for the dinner of yesterday.
4- كلمات تنتهي بـ s ولكنها مفردة.
a) academic subjects /or/ some abstract nouns:
Politics السياسة
Mathematics الرياضة
Physics الفيزياء
Economics الاقتصاد
Ethics علم الأخلاق
News الأخبار
b) Diseases: الأمراض
Measles الحصبة
Herpes الهيربس
Mumps الغدة النكفية
5- كلمات الجمع فيها يشبه المفرد ونعرف إذا كانت جمع أم مفرد من سياق الجملة.
e.g. جنس
Deer غزال
Sheep غنم
Fish سمكة
Salmon سلمون
Trout نوع من السمك
e.g.:
1. That deer over there looks sad!
Those deer are very young.
2. Some species of animals are very rare.
This species is very rare.
6- أسماء تنم عن مجموعة من الناس تعامل مفرد إذا كان المقصود منها مجموعة واحدة وتعامل جمع إذا كان المقصود منها أعضاء هذه الجماعة.
Collective nouns:
Family أسرة
Class فصل
Crew طاقم طائرة / سفينة
Audience جمهور
Committee لجنة
Team فريق
Police البوليس
[ في الغالب يعامل دائماً علي أنه جمع]
e.g.:
- The Sharawy family our company.
[ هنا تعني أسرة واحدة]
- The families next door are quarrelling all the time.
[ هنا تعني أعضاء الأسرة]
7- كلمات تجمع علي حسب الأصل التي اشتقت منه جمع شاذ.

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